Failure handling between S3 trigger and Lambda

Depending on the error Lambda will retry. You can enable Lambda Destinations to get notified about errors.

The relation between Amazon s3 and Lambda is event based; asynchronous invocation. So, Lambda queues the event before passing it to your function. As it is asynchronous, by default will retry it up to two times. The event is kept for up to six hours. If all attempts fail or the time is too long, the event is discarded.

In order to capture the error, you need to configure the error handling in Lambda and define the destination in case of failure. Here the documentation describing how to do it: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/invocation-async.html