Is it possible to check video on corruption witouth encoding?

Depending on what type of corruption you wish to check for, there are different tools that can be used. MediaInfo, an industry popular application, can provide metadata details on resolution, framerate, bitrate and other generic parameters. There are other 3rd party tools that can validate the actual video and audio within a file. These can be run manually or triggered automatically, yet take longer to run. Using Lambda functions, an file upload to an S3 bucket can trigger a Lambda function (or Step Function - a sequence of Lambdas) that calls MediaInfo to determine if/how to transcode the file.

Perhaps you could consider using MediaConvert instead of Elastic Transcode. MediaConvert is more powerful, provides better video quality and is less expensive. The above mentioned Lambda functions could be used to call one of several pre-defined MediaConvert Transcode Templates, based on metadata details that were discovered.

There's are quality control tools like this one you can buy. https://www.interrasystems.com/file-based-qc.php

here two more QC tools:

Aurora and Vidchecker from Telestream - https://www.telestream.net/video/aurora.htm

Pulsar from Venera Technologies - https://www.veneratech.com/pulsar-automated-file-qc/