Using IoT Rules with IoT Jobs topics.

One of the possible solution is to make use of "DescribeJobExecution"[1] API call to get JobExecutionState. However as per your use case you want to access the data sent on $aws/things/thingName/jobs/jobId/update through an IoT rule for that first I would like to mention that unfortunately, there is no way to monitor job progress via job reserved topics from other than the device executing job. Having said that, I would recommend as a workaround you publish job status to an additional non-reserved topic by modifying job agent as a result your device will publish to reserved and non-reserved topic simultaneously and create a rule which will be triggered by this non-reserved topic.

[1] https://docs.aws.amazon.com/iot/latest/developerguide/manage-job-cli.html#describe-job-execution