resize2fs: Permission denied to resize filesystem

The error resize2fs: Permission denied to resize filesystem is key here.

Red Hat's Knoweldgebase (needs a login) addresses this in https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2420621

Can you run sudo dumpe2fs /dev/nvme1n1 | head -20 and what does it say on the Filesystem state: line? If it's anything other than clean then this is your problem.

FWIW I spun up a new EC2 instance to match your setup, and it works fine for me (growing an ext4 FS from 5GB -> 10GB), so your method is sound.

[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
nvme1n1       259:0    0   5G  0 disk /data
nvme0n1       259:1    0   8G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:2    0   8G  0 part /
├─nvme0n1p127 259:3    0   1M  0 part 
└─nvme0n1p128 259:4    0  10M  0 part /boot/efi
[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem       Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs         devtmpfs  4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /dev
tmpfs            tmpfs     453M     0  453M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs            tmpfs     182M  444K  181M   1% /run
/dev/nvme0n1p1   xfs       8.0G  1.5G  6.5G  19% /
tmpfs            tmpfs     453M     0  453M   0% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p128 vfat       10M  1.3M  8.7M  13% /boot/efi
tmpfs            tmpfs      91M     0   91M   0% /run/user/1000
/dev/nvme1n1     ext4      4.9G   24K  4.6G   1% /data

[ change the EBS volume size in AWS Console here ]

[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
nvme1n1       259:0    0  10G  0 disk /data
nvme0n1       259:1    0   8G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:2    0   8G  0 part /
├─nvme0n1p127 259:3    0   1M  0 part 
└─nvme0n1p128 259:4    0  10M  0 part /boot/efi
[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# resize2fs /dev/nvme1n1
resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Filesystem at /dev/nvme1n1 is mounted on /data; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
The filesystem on /dev/nvme1n1 is now 2621440 (4k) blocks long.

[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# df -hT
Filesystem       Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs         devtmpfs  4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /dev
tmpfs            tmpfs     453M     0  453M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs            tmpfs     182M  448K  181M   1% /run
/dev/nvme0n1p1   xfs       8.0G  1.5G  6.5G  19% /
tmpfs            tmpfs     453M     0  453M   0% /tmp
/dev/nvme0n1p128 vfat       10M  1.3M  8.7M  13% /boot/efi
tmpfs            tmpfs      91M     0   91M   0% /run/user/1000
/dev/nvme1n1     ext4      9.8G   24K  9.3G   1% /data
[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/nvme1n1 | head -20
dumpe2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          ef2b157b-0c80-440f-a5e6-604669c2fd50
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    user_xattr acl
Filesystem state:         clean   ********** THIS LINE HERE **********
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              655360
Block count:              2621440
Reserved block count:     120585
Overhead clusters:        63273
Free blocks:              2558161
Free inodes:              655349
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
[root@ip-172-31-15-154 ~]#