How to use AWS Glue where console access is not allowed?

Technically you can do almost everything using the AWS CLI or boto3 but obviously for visual features it's much harder to do.
The visual features is just one aspect of Glue ETL, the core is the runtime engine.
What I would do is create it using a dev/individual account and then replicate it using the API (or ideally CDK) on the production accounts.

I would recommend using Interactive Sessions

Besides not needing console access, you also get a better dev experience (imo).