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An internet gateway is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between your VPC and the internet. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. It does not cause availability risks or bandwidth constraints on your network traffic.
More details can be found here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/VPC_Internet_Gateway.html
Inner workings of an IGW are not documented as note this is a AWS Managed Service, you as a customer would consume the service and need not worry about its availability or internal traffic flows.
Similarly Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable Domain Name System (DNS) web service. You can use Route 53 to perform three main functions in any combination: domain registration, DNS routing, and health checking.
- Register domain names
- Route internet traffic to the resources for your domain
- Check the health of your resources
More information on this topic is here: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/Route53/latest/DeveloperGuide/Welcome.html
For your last question see this video: AWS re:Invent 2022 - Dive deep on AWS networking infrastructure (NET402)
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Thanks for your valuable comments. I understand that Internet Gateway is an AWS service. I am curious to understand how the internet gateway collaborates with the underlay network and how the packet flows outside AWS. If you have any videos or material it will be helpful for me.