如何在运行 Amazon Linux 2 的 EC2 实例上安装来自 Extras 库的软件包？
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我有一个 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud（Amazon EC2）实例在 Amazon Linux 2 上运行。我想要在该实例上安装来自 amazon-linux-extras 存储库的软件包（称为主题）。
简短描述
若要安装来自 Extras 库的软件包，请首先确认您的实例上已安装 amazon-linux-extras 存储库。列出可用的软件包，然后启用要安装的软件包。然后，使用 yum 安装软件包。
**注意：**此解决方法仅适用于 Amazon Linux 2。这些步骤不适用于 Amazon Linux 1 2018.03 或者 Amazon Linux 2023。
解决方案
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使用 SSH 连接到 EC2 Linux 实例。
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使用 rpm 命令确认已安装 amazon-linux-extras 软件包：
$ rpm -qa |grep -i amazon-linux-extras如果未安装 amazon-linux-extras 软件包，请使用 yum 进行安装：
$ sudo yum install -y amazon-linux-extras -
列出可用的主题。**注意：**存储库会定期更新。您看到的主题和版本可能与以下列表不同：
$ amazon-linux-extras 2 httpd_modules available [ =1.0 =stable ] 3 memcached1.5 available \ [ =1.5.1 =1.5.16 =1.5.17 ] 9 R3.4 available [ =3.4.3 =stable ] 10 rust1 available \ [ =1.22.1 =1.26.0 =1.26.1 =1.27.2 =1.31.0 =1.38.0 =stable ] 18 libreoffice available \ [ =5.0.6.2_15 =5.3.6.1 =stable ] 19 gimp available [ =2.8.22 ] 20 †docker=latest enabled \ [ =17.12.1 =18.03.1 =18.06.1 =18.09.9 =stable ] 21 mate-desktop1.x available \ [ =1.19.0 =1.20.0 =stable ] 22 GraphicsMagick1.3 available \ [ =1.3.29 =1.3.32 =1.3.34 =stable ] 23 †tomcat8.5 available \ [ =8.5.31 =8.5.32 =8.5.38 =8.5.40 =8.5.42 =8.5.50 =stable ] 24 epel available [ =7.11 =stable ] 25 testing available [ =1.0 =stable ] 26 ecs available [ =stable ] 27 †corretto8 available \ [ =1.8.0_192 =1.8.0_202 =1.8.0_212 =1.8.0_222 =1.8.0_232 =1.8.0_242 =stable ] 32 lustre2.10 available \ [ =2.10.5 =2.10.8 =stable ] 33 †java-openjdk11 available [ =11 =stable ] 34 lynis available [ =stable ] 36 BCC available [ =0.x =stable ] 37 mono available [ =5.x =stable ] 38 nginx1 available [ =stable ] 40 mock available [ =stable ] 43 livepatch available [ =stable ] 44 †python3.8 available [ =stable ] 45 haproxy2 available [ =stable ] 46 collectd available [ =stable ] 47 aws-nitro-enclaves-cli available [ =stable ] 48 R4 available [ =stable ] _ kernel-5.4 available [ =stable ] 50 selinux-ng available [ =stable ] 52 tomcat9 available [ =stable ] 53 unbound1.13 available [ =stable ] 54 †mariadb10.5 available [ =stable ] 55 kernel-5.10=latest enabled [ =stable ] 56 redis6 available [ =stable ] 57 †ruby3.0 available [ =stable ] 58 †postgresql12 available [ =stable ] 59 †postgresql13 available [ =stable ] 60 mock2 available [ =stable ] 61 dnsmasq2.85=latest enabled [ =stable ] 62 kernel-5.15 available [ =stable ] 63 †postgresql14 available [ =stable ] 64 firefox available [ =stable ] 65 lustre available [ =stable ] 66 †php8.1=latest enabled [ =stable ] 67 awscli1 available [ =stable ] _ †php8.2 available [ =stable ] _ dnsmasq available [ =stable ] 70 unbound1.17 available [ =stable ] 72 collectd-python3 available [ =stable ] † Note on end-of-support. Use 'info' subcommand. -
激活所需的主题。输出显示了安装所需的命令。例如，若要激活 PHP 8.1 主题，请使用下面的命令：
$ sudo amazon-linux-extras enable php8.1 Topic php8.1 has end-of-support date of 2024-11-25 2 httpd_modules available [ =1.0 =stable ] 3 memcached1.5 available \ [ =1.5.1 =1.5.16 =1.5.17 ] 9 R3.4 available [ =3.4.3 =stable ] 10 rust1 available \ [ =1.22.1 =1.26.0 =1.26.1 =1.27.2 =1.31.0 =1.38.0 =stable ] 18 libreoffice available \ [ =5.0.6.2_15 =5.3.6.1 =stable ] 19 gimp available [ =2.8.22 ] 20 †docker=latest enabled \ [ =17.12.1 =18.03.1 =18.06.1 =18.09.9 =stable ] 21 mate-desktop1.x available \ [ =1.19.0 =1.20.0 =stable ] 22 GraphicsMagick1.3 available \ [ =1.3.29 =1.3.32 =1.3.34 =stable ] 23 †tomcat8.5 available \ [ =8.5.31 =8.5.32 =8.5.38 =8.5.40 =8.5.42 =8.5.50 =stable ] 24 epel available [ =7.11 =stable ] 25 testing available [ =1.0 =stable ] 26 ecs available [ =stable ] 27 †corretto8 available \ [ =1.8.0_192 =1.8.0_202 =1.8.0_212 =1.8.0_222 =1.8.0_232 =1.8.0_242 =stable ] 32 lustre2.10 available \ [ =2.10.5 =2.10.8 =stable ] 33 †java-openjdk11 available [ =11 =stable ] 34 lynis available [ =stable ] 36 BCC available [ =0.x =stable ] 37 mono available [ =5.x =stable ] 38 nginx1 available [ =stable ] 40 mock available [ =stable ] 43 livepatch available [ =stable ] 44 †python3.8 available [ =stable ] 45 haproxy2 available [ =stable ] 46 collectd available [ =stable ] 47 aws-nitro-enclaves-cli available [ =stable ] 48 R4 available [ =stable ] _ kernel-5.4 available [ =stable ] 50 selinux-ng available [ =stable ] 52 tomcat9 available [ =stable ] 53 unbound1.13 available [ =stable ] 54 †mariadb10.5 available [ =stable ] 55 kernel-5.10=latest enabled [ =stable ] 56 redis6 available [ =stable ] 57 †ruby3.0 available [ =stable ] 58 †postgresql12 available [ =stable ] 59 †postgresql13 available [ =stable ] 60 mock2 available [ =stable ] 61 dnsmasq2.85=latest enabled [ =stable ] 62 kernel-5.15 available [ =stable ] 63 †postgresql14 available [ =stable ] 64 firefox available [ =stable ] 65 lustre available [ =stable ] 66 †php8.1=latest enabled [ =stable ] 67 awscli1 available [ =stable ] _ †php8.2 available [ =stable ] _ dnsmasq available [ =stable ] 70 unbound1.17 available [ =stable ] 72 collectd-python3 available [ =stable ] † Note on end-of-support. Use 'info' subcommand. -
使用 yum 安装软件包。例如，若要安装 PHP 8.1 主题，请使用下面的命令：
$ sudo yum clean metadata && sudo yum install php-cli php-pdo php-fpm php-json php-mysqlnd -
使用下面的命令来验证安装并确认软件版本：
$ sudo yum list installed php-cli php-pdo php-fpm php-json php-mysqlnd Loaded plugins: langpacks, priorities, update-motd Installed Packages php-cli.x86_64 8.1.23-1.amzn2 @amzn2extra-php8.1 php-fpm.x86_64 8.1.23-1.amzn2 @amzn2extra-php8.1 php-mysqlnd.x86_64 8.1.23-1.amzn2 @amzn2extra-php8.1 php-pdo.x86_64 8.1.23-1.amzn2 @amzn2extra-php8.1 $ php --version PHP 8.1.23 (cli) (built: Sep 15 2023 21:56:29) (NTS) Copyright (c) The PHP Group Zend Engine v4.1.23, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
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